Subtle shifts in posture, facial expressions (the "grimace scale"), or sudden aggression can signal chronic conditions like osteoarthritis or dental disease.
How does the behavior change as the animal matures (e.g., imprinting or socialisation)? Function: How does the behavior help the animal survive? Evolution: How did the behavior develop over generations? 2. Behavioral Indicators of Physical Health Subtle shifts in posture, facial expressions (the "grimace