Internal pressure causes both hoop stress (circumferential) and axial stress. While wall thickness is usually determined by P&IDs, the layout must handle the resulting forces on anchors and supports. Core Layout Principles for Better Stress Management
Use only when space for loops is unavailable. Layout considerations: including all branches and supports
Designers must view piping as a complete system from equipment to equipment, including all branches and supports, rather than isolated components. including all branches and supports
For carbon steel at 400°F (204°C), expansion = approx. 2.5 inches per 100 feet. including all branches and supports